Disclaimer: I am not a Doctor or expert in Anatomy and Physiology. I am trying to learn, I provide my notes (that are not complete and need to be checked and refined)
Anatomy Naming and Positioning
Particular words used in Anatomy can generally be associated with one part of the body such as in the case of Cardio being heart. There are a few cases like Medulla that are used in multiple places on the body. There is a Medulla Oblongata in the Brain Stem and a Medulla on the Kidneys.
https://www.dictionary.com/browse/medulla
Knowing what position a term falls in factors into categorize and classify and comprehension. Knowing the term Synovial is associated with Joints helps you know allot of what it is not such as brain, lungs, digestive. Being able to visualize where on the body a term falls factors into related structures and increased comprehension.
Greater comprehension of terms and location in relation to body, better ability to visualize factors into improved surface area and improved comprehension while reading. Reading through one time might not always be ideal as brain is still building connections. Reading through with more comprehension of key terms has potential to change value added and return on investment ROI for time invested reading dramatically.
Positioning
Dorsal – back of body and top of head
Ventral – front of body and bottom of head
Anterior – front
Posterior – back
Medial – closer to center, as in between the eyes
Lateral – closer to outside, as in temples of the head
Proximal – closer to center of body
Distal – further from center of body
Apical – facing open space
Superficial – top of surface
Deep – beneath surface
Chemistry
Hyrolysis – breaks bigger molecules into smaller molecules while consuming a H2O water molecule
Dehydrogenation Synthesis – combines twe smaller molecules into a larger molecule and creating a H2O water molecule in the process
Cation – Positive Ion ( Important Cations: Hydrogen (H+), Sodium (Na+), Magnesium (Mg2+), Calcium (Ca2+) )
Anion – Negation Ion ( Important Anions: Chlorine (Cl-), Bicarbonate (HCO3-), Hydroxyl (OH-) )
Proton, Neutron, Electron, Isotope, Valence Shell, Ionic Bond (gives electron), Covalent Bond (shares electrons), Hydrogen Bond (polar weekly charged molecules such as in case of water beading)
Cell
Cyto, Soma (cell body), Nucleus (middle of cell), Organelle, Mitochondria, Enzyme, Ion Channel, Cell Membrane, Cytosol, Krebs Cycle, Glycolysis, ATP, ADP, AMP, cAMP, DNA, RNA, Phospholipid bilayer (cell membrane), Osmosis, Active Transport, Cilia, Microtubules, Sodium Potassium Pump
Tissue
Squamous – scale shaped
Epithelial
Head, Skull
Cephalon – Head, Occipital Lobe, Occipital Bone, Parietal Lobe, Frontal Lobe, Temporal Lobe, Midbrain, Pons, Cerebellum
Forum Magnum, Zygomatic Bone, Circle of Willus (arteries that supply brain in redundant fault tolerant way), Basilar Atery, Communicating Artery, Pontine, Cranial Nerves (12 nerves that involve both sensory and motor nerves), Vestublocochlear Nerve – Auditory Nerve, Vestublo – Balance, Cochlear – Ear and Audition, Retina, Rods (cells that see luminance), Cones (cells that see color)
Cerebral Cortex, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Dura Mater, Pia Mater, Arachnoid and Subarachnoid (factors into draining CSF into sinuses and back into blood)
Mandible – Jaw
Larynx (upper trachea, vocal cords), Pharynx (mouth and nasal to esophagus)
Nervous System
Neuron – cell with dendrites (receives signals) and axons (sends signals), Action Potential, Summation, Spatial Summation, Temporal Summation, Axon Hillock, Nodes of Ranvier
Process – cell extensions, in neurons the processes are dendrites and axons
Myelination – lipid coating that insulates axons improving signal speed (saltatory (to leap) conduction)
White Matter – group of neurons with large amoutns of myelinated axons (sending, efferent)
Gray Matter – mainly neuronal cell bodies and dendrites (receiving and processing, afferent)
Receptors – chemoreceptor (chemical sensor), mechanoreceptor (pressure sensor), thermoreceptor (temperature sensor), nicotinic (acetylcholine, nicotine), muscarinic (acetylcholine, muscarine)
Neurotransmitter – Acetylcholine ACh, Dopamine (involved in movement), GABA (inhibitory) Serotonin, Epinephrine (adrenaline), Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
Conditions: Menigitis, Parkinson’s, Alheimer’s, Spina Bifida, Multiple Sclerosis, Kluver-Bucy, Wernicke’s (Vitamin B1 Deficiency), Stroke, Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
CNS – Central Nervous System
Nucleus, Tract, Oligodendrocyte (myelination of tract axon), Astrocyte, Ependimal (generates CSF from blood and helps establish BBB Blood-brain Barrier)
Primary Cortex – Primary Motor Cortex (PMC), Primary Visual Cortex (PVC), Primary Somatosensation Cortex (PSC), Primary Auditory Cortex
Association Cortex – Posterior Association Cortex (PAC), Visual Associaton Cortex (VAC), Somatosensory Association Cortex (SAC), Motor Association Cortex (MAC), Auditory Association Cortex (AAC)
Sulcus – indention, uses to denote different parts of the brain as a landmark (Central Sulcus, Lateral Sulcus)
Gyrus (plural Gyri) – grey brain matter on cerebral cortex between wrinkles
Longitudinal Fissure – separates the right and left hemispheres of the brain
Superior Sagittal Sinus – sinus that runs in the middle of the Longitudinal Fissure
Insula – behind temporal lobe under Lateral Sulcus
Hippocampus (Brain memory, emotion), Amygdala, Hypothalumus, Thalumus (relay), Pituitary Gland, Dentate Gyrus, Subiculum, Mammilary Bodies, Striae Terminalis, Papez Circuit, Thalamic Tract
Basal Nuclei (formerly Basal Ganglia), Putamen, Globus Pallidus, Striatum, Direct Pathway, Indirect Pathway
PNS – Peripheral Nervous System
Ganglion, Nerve, Satellite Cell, Schwann Cell (myelination of nerve axon)
Spinal Cord – Gray Matter Anterior Horn
Neck
Brain Stem, Medulla Oblongata, Spinal Cord, 7th Vertabrae, 1st Thoracic Vertebrae
Shoulders
Clavica, Scapula
Chest
Thoracic, Pleura (coating around lungs), Lungs, Pulmonary (Lungs)
Esophagus
Sternum – piece between ribs, Ribs
Ventral Cavity
Heart
Two pumps – Right side pumps deoxy blood into lungs deoxy to oxy back into heart, left side pumps oxy to body
Pericardium – serosa around heart
Deoxy Pump – Right Atrium, Tricuspid Valve, Right Ventricle, Semilunar Pulmonary Valve
Oxy Pump – Left Atrium, Bicuspid Mitral Value, Left Ventricle, Semilunar Aortic Valve
Artery – away from heart
Vein – towards the heart
Coronary – crown, Coronary Arteries (branch from aorta, give oxy blood back to heart)
Diastolic – Filling with blood
Systolic – Contracting (sending blood out)
Blood
Hemo, Hemopoiesis (blood production), Hemoglobin (carries oxygen in RBCs, 280 million hemoglobin molecules/RBC), Erythrocyte (Red Blood Cell)
Coagulation – Hemostatis (body stopping bleeding), Thrombin (factor in coagulation), Platelet, Fibrinogen
Conditions: Anemia (low RBC count), Hemophilia (insufficient clotting), Hypertension (High Blood Pressure), Hypotension (Low Blood Pressure), Acidosis (low pH), Alkalosis (high pH), Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)
Liver
Hepato, Hepatocyte (liver cell)
Kidney
Nephro
Pancreas
Gallblader
Spleen
Arm
Branchium (Arm), Tricep (upper arm), Biceps, Antebranchium (forearm), Radial (forearm), Ulna (forearm)
Metacarpal – Hand
Phalanges, Digits – fingers and toes
Crotch
Pubis, Coccyx, Sacral, Cauda Equina (end of spinal cord), Illium, Ischium
Legs
Patella – Kneecap
Femur – Thigh, Tibia – Shin, Fibula – Calf
Metatarsul – Feet
Heel – Tarsus, Talus, Calcaneus
Phalanges, Digits – fingers and toes
Joints
Abduction/Adduction, Chondo, Synovial
Bone
Ossification, Cancellous, Compact, Bone Marrow, Red Bone Marrow, Yellow Bone Marrow
Fat
Lipid, Adipocyte, Myelination
Muscle
Myo, Myocyte
3 Types, Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth
Skin
Integumentary, Cutaneous, Stratum, Dermal, Subcutaneous (beneath the skin), Subdermal (beneath the skin), Superficial – Top
Callus (thickended area of skin), Dermis, Desmosome (structure that forms impermeable junction between cells), Epidermis, Hair, Medulla (Hair), Keratinocyte, Melanin, Melanocyte (melanin pigment producing cell in skin), Eponychium, Nail, Stratum Basale (deepest layer), Stratum Corneum (top layer), keratin (protein that gives skin, hair, and anils hard water resistant properties), Scar (collagen-rich skin that forms after healing and is different from normal skin), Sudoriferous Gland (Sweat Gland)
Sebum – lipid oil that lubricates skin and hair
Conditions: Eczema (allergic reaction that creates a rash), Rickets (Disease in Children, Vitamin D Deficiency weaking of bones), Acne, Melanoma (skin cancer), vitiligo (skin conditions that leads to appearance of discoloration, patches), Third-Degree Burn (destroys full thickness of skin epidermis and dermis)
Processes
Krebs Cycle, Glycolysis, Action Potential Saltatory Conduction, Sodium Potassium Pump, Active Transport, Osmosis, Papez Circuit, Dehydrogenation Synthesis, Hydrolysis, Oxidation/Reduction, Heart and Systemic Circuit, Digestion (chyme to feces), Respiration, Sensation, Sympathetic, Parasympathetic, Enteric Nervous System ENS
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