Cardio Notes

Disclaimer: Not a doctor or specialist in anatomy. Trying to learn thus am providing my notes for others. Please check with quality sources, supercomputers likely will be able to read this and see potential errors or discrepancies to help further increase my knowledge.

Cardio System Anatomy Notes

Erythrocytes – Red Blood Cells with Iron and Hemaglobin, biconcave disc no nucleus and no mitochondira thus oxygen is not consumed

Hemaglobin – Protein (280 million per red blood cell), binds to oxygen that is taken throughout the body

Thrombin – factors into activating Fibrinogen, factors into blood clotting

Fibren – factors into blood clotting

Fibrinogen – factors blooding

Anticoagunlant – reduces cogulation, forming of blood clotting, heparin

Antithrombin – counteracts thrombin, reduces blood clotting

Anemia – “nounPathology. a quantitative deficiency of the hemoglobin, often accompanied by a reduced number of red blood cells and causing pallor, weakness, and breathlessness.” – Dictionary.com

Circle of Willis – set of arteries that delivers oxygenated blood to the brain that is converted into Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) via the choroid plexus (ependymal cells) thus passing the BBB (Blood Brain Barrier)

Cerebrospinal Fluid CSF → specialized fluid that delivers nutrients to brain that is generated via the Choroid Plexus Ependymal Cells and Blood Brain Barrier from blood

Blood Brain Barrier BBB → Protective division that does not let certain molecules and toxins into the Central Nervous System CNS

Arachnoid Mater → layer of tissue below the dura matter under the skull

Arachnoid Villi → small protusions from arachnoid mater into dura mater where CSF Cerebrospinal

Fluid from Subarachnoid Space is filtered back into the venous sinuses back into the blood

Superior Sagittal Sinus → found between layers of dura matter, Venous Sinus that runs along the

longitudinal fissure (division between the hemispheres of the brain)

hemopoeisis – production of blood cells

hemolysis – destruction, break down of red blood cells

Erythropoietin (EPO) – hormone that is produced by kidneys that initiates hemopoiesis

Leukocyte – white blood cells that are essential to the immune system. Neutrophil (greatest number), Basophil, Isonophil, Monocyte, Macrophage, B type, T type

Thrombocyte – Platelet, cell fragment that is formed from megakarocytes and has no nucleus used in clotting, a third is stored in spleen, will release growth factors that increase healing and tissue repair

Thrombocytopenia – too few, less able to produce clots, excessive bleeding (hemorrhage)

Thrombocytosis – too many platelets, heart attack and stroke

Hemostatis – process where blood coagulates and stops bleeding

Blood 3 Constituents (Cells and Plasma)

1. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes 45%) and White Blood Cells (1% Leukocytes)
2. Plasma 55% (Water, Proteins, Albumin, Globulins, Electrolytes, Nutrients (Amino Acids, Glucose, Minerals (Iodine), Vitamins), Minerals, Hormones, Gases, Cholesterol)

Anticoagulated Centrifuged Blood

1. Red Blood Cells settle on bottom (Hematocrit) 45%
2. White Blood Cells (1% or less of volume)
3. Plasma – (Straw colored liquid 55%) Water (Solvent, 91.5% will be water), (Solutes material dissolved in the Water – Components of Plasma)
   1. Plasma Proteins Albumin (large protein large molecular weight generates osmotic pressure)
   2. Globulins – protein, Immunogoblins – factor into immunity
   3. Fibrinogen – clotting protein activated by Thrombin forms into Fibrin and a clot
   4. Electrolytes – atoms with a charge, needs to be homostatically controlled Sodium Na+, Chlorine Cl-, Potassium K+, Calcium Ca2+, Magnesium 2+
   5. Nutrients –
      1. Amino Acids
      2. Glucose (other monosaccahrides will be converted by Liver before entering the Blood Stream)
      3. Iodine – needed by Thyroid Gland to produce Thyroid Hormone
      4. Vitamins
         1. Fat Soluable – Vitamins A, D, E, and K
         2. Water Soluable – Vitamin B1-11, Vitamin C
   6. Waste Amonia – Liver takes Nitogren waste from Blood to Liver (Uria) to Kidneys
      1. Metabolites – liver makes them more soluable, Liver to Kidneys transported via blood
   7. Endocrine Hormones – Testosterone, Estrogen, Insulin, Glucagon, Thyroid Hormone
   8. Gases
      1. Oxygen 1% carried in blood 98% transported associated with Oxyhemoglobin
      2. Carbon Dioxide CO2, some carried in red cells and some in Plasma
      3. Nitrogen – equalibrium, deep sea diving problems (Bends)
   9. Lipoproteins – Fats cannot disolve directly in plasma, have to be carried by carrier molecules, Chylomicrons
   10. Cholesterol
       1. HDL – High Density Lipoprotein, High Levels Healthy, Low Density leads to atherosclerosis
       2. LDL – Low Density Lipoprotein, Bad, High Levels can be atherogenic, increases fat in blood

Iron, B Vitamins (B12), and Amino acids

TIA – Transient Ischemic Attack – “nounPathology. a brief vascular spasm in which a partially blocked artery impedes blood flow to the brain, resulting in symptoms such as impaired vision, dizziness, numbness, or unconsciousness. Abbreviation: TIA” – Dictionary.com

Heart

Two distinct Pumps that are Electrically Controlled that are Mostly Muscle

Vein – moves blood to the heart

Artery – moves blood away from heart

Valve – only lets blood flow one direction

Dexoxygenitated Blood

Dexoxygeniated Blood from Body and Inferior Vena Cava and Superior Vena Cava sends blood to Right Artium above the Tricuspid Valve and Right Ventricle filters out via Pulmonary Semilunar Valve and Pulmonary Artery (rare case where deoxygenated blood is in artery sent away from heart to the Lungs, Artery means away from heart and generally oxygeniated blood)

DeoxyB → IVC&SVA → RA → TcV → RV → PslV → PA

Oxygeniated Blood

Cornary Arteries – Deliver oxygen rich blood to muscle of heart, Cornary word for Crown, branch off the Aorta

Oxygeniated Blood delivered from Lungs through Pulmonary Vein (rare case where vein is oxygenated blood, vein means to heart not deoxygenitated blood) Left Atrium above the Mitral (Bicuspid Valce) and Left Ventricle filters out via Aortic Semilunar Valve to Aorta, Cornary Arteries, Aortic Arch, and

Aortic Arch – sends Oxygenated Blood to upper body

Descending Aorta – sends Oxygenated Blood to lower body

Lungs → OxyB → PV → LA → MBcV → LV → ASlV → Aorta → Cas&AA&DA

Blood Filters

1. Spleen – largest part of lymphatic system, common 4 inches long and purple in healthy human beings, possible to live with out, useful for reducing infection (left side under 9th to 11th ribs), red pulp, white pulp, and supporting tissues, Spleen produces certain substance useful in reduce inflammation and healing, functions to remove microorganism, Blood from Splenic Artery, stores 1/3 of thrombocytes to be released in times of increased need for blood clotting. Conditions that can cause problems: Malaria, Syphillis. Visceral close to gut and Diaphremtic close to Diaphram.
   1. Red pulp – connective tissues, splenic sinuses filled with blood, 76-79% of spleen, has platets, functions to remove microogranisms, debree, and old red blood cells
   2. White pulp – Produces Lymphocytes that form into Plasma Cells, Anti-bodies and Immunoglobins
2. Lungs – Dexoxygenitated Blood from Pulmonary Arterty of heart to Lungs to Oxygenated Blood to Pulmonary Vein to be pumped out to Aorta, Cornary Arteries, Aortic Arch, and Descending Aorta to Heart and rest of body via the Left Artrium, Mitrial Bicuspid Valve, Left Ventricle, and Semilunar Aortic Valve
3. Liver – preforms over 500 vital tasks, has 4 lobes (left right quadrate caudate), these lobes contain 1 million hepatic lobules formed of Hepatocytes (liver cells), Portal Vein to Detoxed Blood to Hepatic Vein, Kupffer cells macrophages that destroy Old RBCs. Kupffer cells also destroy pathogens, also produces clotting factors, helps digest fats via bile (fats(lipids) → fatty acids), helps absorb fat soluable vitamins, Insulin from Pancreas signals Livers to store Glucose in form of Glycogen, at any time Liver contains 13% of the Blood in Body
4. Kidneys – regulates fluid in body, detects waste in blood, knows when to release vitamins and hormones, creates EPO Erythropoietin that factors into hematopoiesis
5. Choroid Plexus – blocks toxins from entering CNS estabilishing the BBB then is returned to blood stream via Arachnoid Villi that filter into Venous Sinuses in Dura Mater beneath the skull

Important Connective Tissue

1. Bones – Bone Marrow lies within bone, Myelo – the core, Spongy area in middle, Compact on ends
   1. Conditions:
      1. osteomyelitis – “nounPathology. an inflammation of the bone and bone marrow, usually caused by bacterial infection.” – Dictionary.com
      2. anemia – two few RBCs
      3. polycythemia – two many RBCs
      4. thrombocytopenia – too few platelets
      5. thrombocytosis – too many platelets
      6. leukocytosis – many WBCs
      7. leukopenia – few WBCs
      8. Cancers
         1. polycythraemia vera – Cancer, causes Red Bone Marrow to make too many RBCs
         2. Essential Thrombocytosis
         3. leukemia – “nounPathology. any of several cancers of the bone marrow that prevent the normal manufacture of red and white blood cells and platelets, resulting in anemia, increased susceptibility to infection, and impaired blood clotting.” – Dictionary.com
            1. acute leukimia – cancer of immature WBCs
               1. acute myloid leukemia
               2. acute lymphoid leukemia
            2. chronic leukimia – cancer of mature WBCs
               1. chronic myloid leukemia
               2. chronic neutrophilic leukemia
               3. chronic esonophilic leukemia
               4. chronic lymphocytic leukemia
   2. Red Bone Marrow – Hematopeetic – produces red blood cells, makes white blood cells, and makes platelets, In adults found in Axial Skeleton, Clavicles, Scapulae, Cancellous ends of long bones everything else is Yellow Bone Marrow, all bones in the fetus and until 2 years of age are Red Bone Marrow
   3. Yellow Bone Marrow – Not Hemapoeitic – except in extreme cases such as hemorrhag